diff --git a/src/klotski_core/all_cases/all_cases.h b/src/klotski_core/all_cases/all_cases.h
index d1ec817..7c5a0ca 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/all_cases/all_cases.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/all_cases/all_cases.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ namespace klotski {
     class AllCases : public BasicRanges {
     public:
         static void build();
-        static enum Status status();
+        static Status status();
         static const std::vector<uint32_t> (&fetch())[16];
 
     private:
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/all_cases/basic_ranges.h b/src/klotski_core/all_cases/basic_ranges.h
index 3276ab8..56756b8 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/all_cases/basic_ranges.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/all_cases/basic_ranges.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace klotski {
             AVAILABLE,
         };
         static void build();
-        static enum Status status();
+        static Status status();
         static const std::vector<uint32_t> &fetch();
 
     private:
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.cc b/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.cc
index 7530e35..4d4cd16 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.cc
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ namespace std {
 }
 
 namespace klotski {
-    bool CommonCode::operator==(const CommonCode &common_code) const {
+    bool CommonCode::operator==(const CommonCode &common_code) const noexcept {
         return this->code == common_code.code;
     }
 
-    bool CommonCode::operator!=(const CommonCode &common_code) const {
+    bool CommonCode::operator!=(const CommonCode &common_code) const noexcept {
         return this->code != common_code.code;
     }
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace klotski {
 }
 
 namespace klotski {
-    bool CommonCode::valid() const {
+    bool CommonCode::valid() const noexcept {
         return CommonCode::check(code);
     }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ namespace klotski {
         return CommonCode(common_code); // create from uint64_t
     }
 
-    CommonCode CommonCode::unsafe_create(uint64_t common_code) { // create without check
+    CommonCode CommonCode::unsafe_create(uint64_t common_code) noexcept { // create without check
         auto tmp = CommonCode(); // init directly
         tmp.code = common_code;
         return tmp;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace klotski {
     }
 }
 
-bool CommonCode::check(uint64_t common_code) { // whether common code is valid
+bool CommonCode::check(uint64_t common_code) noexcept { // whether common code is valid
     ///   M_1x1     M_1x2     M_2x1     M_2x2
     ///  1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0   1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0
     ///  0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0   1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.h b/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.h
index 13f4597..fd05e46 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/common_code/common_code.h
@@ -74,54 +74,54 @@ namespace klotski {
         CommonCode() = default; // unsafe initialize
 
         static inline uint64_t string_decode(const std::string &common_code);
-        static inline std::string string_encode(uint64_t common_code, bool shorten);
+        static inline std::string string_encode(uint64_t common_code, bool shorten) noexcept;
 
     public:
         /// CommonCode validity check
-        bool valid() const;
-        static bool check(uint64_t common_code);
+        bool valid() const noexcept;
+        static bool check(uint64_t common_code) noexcept;
 
         /// Operators of CommonCode
-        bool operator==(const CommonCode &common_code) const;
-        bool operator!=(const CommonCode &common_code) const;
-        constexpr explicit operator uint64_t() const { return code; }
+        bool operator==(const CommonCode &common_code) const noexcept;
+        bool operator!=(const CommonCode &common_code) const noexcept;
+        constexpr explicit operator uint64_t() const noexcept { return code; }
         friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const CommonCode &self);
 
         /// Export functions
-        RawCode to_raw_code() const;
-        ShortCode to_short_code() const;
+        RawCode to_raw_code() const noexcept;
+        ShortCode to_short_code() const noexcept;
         std::string to_string(bool shorten = false) const;
-        constexpr uint64_t unwrap() const { return code; }
+        constexpr uint64_t unwrap() const noexcept { return code; }
 
         /// CommonCode constructors
         explicit CommonCode(uint64_t common_code);
-        explicit CommonCode(RawCode &&raw_code);
-        explicit CommonCode(ShortCode &&short_code);
+        explicit CommonCode(RawCode &&raw_code) noexcept;
+        explicit CommonCode(ShortCode &&short_code) noexcept;
         explicit CommonCode(std::string &&common_code);
-        explicit CommonCode(const RawCode &raw_code);
-        explicit CommonCode(const ShortCode &short_code);
+        explicit CommonCode(const RawCode &raw_code) noexcept;
+        explicit CommonCode(const ShortCode &short_code) noexcept;
         explicit CommonCode(const std::string &common_code);
 
         /// Static initialization
         static CommonCode create(uint64_t common_code);
-        static CommonCode unsafe_create(uint64_t common_code);
+        static CommonCode unsafe_create(uint64_t common_code) noexcept;
 
         static CommonCode from_string(std::string &&common_code);
         static CommonCode from_string(const std::string &common_code);
 
         static CommonCode from_raw_code(uint64_t raw_code);
-        static CommonCode from_raw_code(RawCode &&raw_code);
-        static CommonCode from_raw_code(const RawCode &raw_code);
+        static CommonCode from_raw_code(RawCode &&raw_code) noexcept;
+        static CommonCode from_raw_code(const RawCode &raw_code) noexcept;
 
         static CommonCode from_short_code(uint32_t short_code);
-        static CommonCode from_short_code(ShortCode &&short_code);
+        static CommonCode from_short_code(ShortCode &&short_code) noexcept;
         static CommonCode from_short_code(std::string &&short_code);
-        static CommonCode from_short_code(const ShortCode &short_code);
+        static CommonCode from_short_code(const ShortCode &short_code) noexcept;
         static CommonCode from_short_code(const std::string &short_code);
     };
 
-    inline bool operator==(uint64_t c1, const CommonCode &c2) { return c1 == c2.unwrap(); }
-    inline bool operator!=(uint64_t c1, const CommonCode &c2) { return c1 != c2.unwrap(); }
-    inline bool operator==(const CommonCode &c1, uint64_t c2) { return c1.unwrap() == c2; }
-    inline bool operator!=(const CommonCode &c1, uint64_t c2) { return c1.unwrap() != c2; }
+    inline bool operator==(uint64_t c1, const CommonCode &c2) noexcept { return c1 == c2.unwrap(); }
+    inline bool operator!=(uint64_t c1, const CommonCode &c2) noexcept { return c1 != c2.unwrap(); }
+    inline bool operator==(const CommonCode &c1, uint64_t c2) noexcept { return c1.unwrap() == c2; }
+    inline bool operator!=(const CommonCode &c1, uint64_t c2) noexcept { return c1.unwrap() != c2; }
 }
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/common_code/convert.cc b/src/klotski_core/common_code/convert.cc
index 28d023c..e9b6a5d 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/common_code/convert.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/common_code/convert.cc
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ using klotski::CommonCode;
 
 /// -------------------------- CommonCode to RawCode --------------------------
 
-RawCode CommonCode::to_raw_code() const {
+RawCode CommonCode::to_raw_code() const noexcept {
     return RawCode(*this); // convert to raw code
 }
 
 /// ------------------------- CommonCode to ShortCode -------------------------
 
-ShortCode CommonCode::to_short_code() const {
+ShortCode CommonCode::to_short_code() const noexcept {
     return ShortCode(*this); // convert to short code
 }
 
@@ -22,29 +22,29 @@ CommonCode CommonCode::from_raw_code(uint64_t raw_code) {
     return RawCode(raw_code).to_common_code();
 }
 
-CommonCode CommonCode::from_raw_code(RawCode &&raw_code) {
+CommonCode CommonCode::from_raw_code(RawCode &&raw_code) noexcept {
     return raw_code.to_common_code();
 }
 
-CommonCode CommonCode::from_raw_code(const RawCode &raw_code) {
+CommonCode CommonCode::from_raw_code(const RawCode &raw_code) noexcept {
     return raw_code.to_common_code();
 }
 
-CommonCode::CommonCode(RawCode &&raw_code) {
+CommonCode::CommonCode(RawCode &&raw_code) noexcept {
     code = raw_code.to_common_code().code; // convert from raw code
 }
 
-CommonCode::CommonCode(const RawCode &raw_code) {
+CommonCode::CommonCode(const RawCode &raw_code) noexcept {
     code = raw_code.to_common_code().code; // convert from raw code
 }
 
 /// ------------------------- ShortCode to CommonCode -------------------------
 
-CommonCode::CommonCode(ShortCode &&short_code) {
+CommonCode::CommonCode(ShortCode &&short_code) noexcept {
     code = short_code.to_common_code().code; // convert from short code
 }
 
-CommonCode::CommonCode(const ShortCode &short_code) {
+CommonCode::CommonCode(const ShortCode &short_code) noexcept {
     code = short_code.to_common_code().code; // convert from short code
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(uint32_t short_code) {
     return ShortCode(short_code).to_common_code();
 }
 
-CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(ShortCode &&short_code) {
+CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(ShortCode &&short_code) noexcept {
     return short_code.to_common_code();
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(std::string &&short_code) {
     return ShortCode(std::forward<std::string>(short_code)).to_common_code();
 }
 
-CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(const ShortCode &short_code) {
+CommonCode CommonCode::from_short_code(const ShortCode &short_code) noexcept {
     return short_code.to_common_code();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/common_code/serialize.cc b/src/klotski_core/common_code/serialize.cc
index 7bee4b9..626aae9 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/common_code/serialize.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/common_code/serialize.cc
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ inline uint8_t last_zero_num(uint32_t bin) { // get last zero number
     return binary_count(bin >> 1);
 }
 
-std::string CommonCode::string_encode(uint64_t common_code, bool shorten) { // convert uint64_t code to string
+std::string CommonCode::string_encode(uint64_t common_code, bool shorten) noexcept { // convert uint64_t code to string
     char result[10]; // max length 9-bits
     sprintf(result, "%09lX", common_code);
     if (shorten) { // remove `0` after common code
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/ffi/all_cases.cc b/src/klotski_core/ffi/all_cases.cc
index e9598de..9e482a7 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/ffi/all_cases.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/ffi/all_cases.cc
@@ -8,23 +8,23 @@ using klotski::BasicRanges;
 const uint32_t ALL_CASES_SIZE = klotski::ALL_CASES_SIZE_SUM;
 const uint32_t BASIC_RANGES_SIZE = klotski::BASIC_RANGES_SIZE;
 
-void all_cases_build() {
+void all_cases_build() noexcept {
     AllCases::build();
 }
 
-void basic_ranges_build() {
+void basic_ranges_build() noexcept {
     BasicRanges::build();
 }
 
-bool is_all_cases_available() {
+bool is_all_cases_available() noexcept {
     return AllCases::status() == AllCases::AVAILABLE;
 }
 
-bool is_basic_ranges_available() {
+bool is_basic_ranges_available() noexcept {
     return BasicRanges::status() == BasicRanges::AVAILABLE;
 }
 
-void export_all_cases(uint64_t *buffer) {
+void export_all_cases(uint64_t *buffer) noexcept {
     for (uint64_t head = 0; head < 16; ++head) {
         for (const auto &range : AllCases::fetch()[head]) {
             *(buffer++) = head << 32 | range;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ void export_all_cases(uint64_t *buffer) {
     }
 }
 
-void export_basic_ranges(uint32_t *buffer) {
+void export_basic_ranges(uint32_t *buffer) noexcept {
     auto basic_ranges_ptr = &*BasicRanges::fetch().begin();
     memcpy(buffer, basic_ranges_ptr, BASIC_RANGES_SIZE * 4); // 32-bits -> 4-bytes
 }
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/ffi/codec.cc b/src/klotski_core/ffi/codec.cc
index 1823b80..5dbea10 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/ffi/codec.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/ffi/codec.cc
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ using klotski::BasicRanges;
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-void short_code_enable() {
+void short_code_enable() noexcept {
     ShortCode::speed_up(ShortCode::NORMAL);
 }
 
-void short_code_enable_fast() {
+void short_code_enable_fast() noexcept {
     ShortCode::speed_up(ShortCode::FAST);
 }
 
-bool is_short_code_available() {
+bool is_short_code_available() noexcept {
     if (BasicRanges::status() != BasicRanges::AVAILABLE) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ bool is_short_code_available() {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool is_short_code_available_fast() {
+bool is_short_code_available_fast() noexcept {
     if (AllCases::status() != AllCases::AVAILABLE) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ bool is_short_code_available_fast() {
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-bool raw_code_check(uint64_t raw_code) {
+bool raw_code_check(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::check(raw_code);
 }
 
-bool short_code_check(uint32_t short_code) {
+bool short_code_check(uint32_t short_code) noexcept {
     return ShortCode::check(short_code);
 }
 
-bool common_code_check(uint64_t common_code) {
+bool common_code_check(uint64_t common_code) noexcept {
     return CommonCode::check(common_code);
 }
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-bool raw_code_to_short_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint32_t *short_code) {
+bool raw_code_to_short_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint32_t *short_code) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ bool raw_code_to_short_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint32_t *short_code) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool short_code_to_raw_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *raw_code) {
+bool short_code_to_raw_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *raw_code) noexcept {
     if (!ShortCode::check(short_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ bool short_code_to_raw_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *raw_code) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool raw_code_to_common_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *common_code) {
+bool raw_code_to_common_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *common_code) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ bool raw_code_to_common_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *common_code) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool common_code_to_raw_code(uint64_t common_code, uint64_t *raw_code) {
+bool common_code_to_raw_code(uint64_t common_code, uint64_t *raw_code) noexcept {
     if (!CommonCode::check(common_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ bool common_code_to_raw_code(uint64_t common_code, uint64_t *raw_code) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool short_code_to_common_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *common_code) {
+bool short_code_to_common_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *common_code) noexcept {
     if (!ShortCode::check(short_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ bool short_code_to_common_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *common_code) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool common_code_to_short_code(uint64_t common_code, uint32_t *short_code) {
+bool common_code_to_short_code(uint64_t common_code, uint32_t *short_code) noexcept {
     if (!CommonCode::check(common_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -114,35 +114,35 @@ bool common_code_to_short_code(uint64_t common_code, uint32_t *short_code) {
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-uint32_t raw_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+uint32_t raw_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code)
         .to_common_code().to_short_code().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint64_t short_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) {
+uint64_t short_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) noexcept {
     return ShortCode::unsafe_create(short_code)
         .to_common_code().to_raw_code().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint64_t raw_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+uint64_t raw_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code).to_common_code().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint64_t common_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) {
+uint64_t common_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) noexcept {
     return CommonCode::unsafe_create(common_code).to_raw_code().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint64_t short_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) {
+uint64_t short_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) noexcept {
     return ShortCode::unsafe_create(short_code).to_common_code().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint32_t common_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) {
+uint32_t common_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) noexcept {
     return CommonCode::unsafe_create(common_code).to_short_code().unwrap();
 }
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-bool is_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) {
+bool is_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ bool is_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool is_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) {
+bool is_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ bool is_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool to_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) {
+bool to_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ bool to_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool to_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) {
+bool to_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) noexcept {
     if (!RawCode::check(raw_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -176,19 +176,19 @@ bool to_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) {
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-bool is_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+bool is_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code).is_vertical_mirror();
 }
 
-bool is_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+bool is_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code).is_horizontal_mirror();
 }
 
-uint64_t to_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+uint64_t to_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code).to_vertical_mirror().unwrap();
 }
 
-uint64_t to_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
+uint64_t to_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) noexcept {
     return RawCode::unsafe_create(raw_code).to_horizontal_mirror().unwrap();
 }
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ uint64_t to_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) {
 
 const uint32_t SHORT_CODE_STR_SIZE = 6;
 
-bool short_code_to_string(uint32_t short_code, char short_code_str[]) {
+bool short_code_to_string(uint32_t short_code, char short_code_str[]) noexcept {
     if (!ShortCode::check(short_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ bool short_code_to_string(uint32_t short_code, char short_code_str[]) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool short_code_from_string(const char short_code_str[], uint32_t *short_code) {
+bool short_code_from_string(const char short_code_str[], uint32_t *short_code) noexcept {
     try {
         *short_code = ShortCode::from_string(short_code_str).unwrap();
     } catch (...) {
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ bool short_code_from_string(const char short_code_str[], uint32_t *short_code) {
 
 const uint32_t COMMON_CODE_STR_SIZE = 10;
 
-bool common_code_to_string(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) {
+bool common_code_to_string(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) noexcept {
     if (!CommonCode::check(common_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ bool common_code_to_string(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) {
     return true;
 }
 
-bool common_code_to_string_shorten(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) {
+bool common_code_to_string_shorten(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) noexcept {
     if (!CommonCode::check(common_code)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ bool common_code_to_string_shorten(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[])
     return true;
 }
 
-bool common_code_from_string(const char common_code_str[], uint64_t *common_code) {
+bool common_code_from_string(const char common_code_str[], uint64_t *common_code) noexcept {
     try {
         *common_code = CommonCode::from_string(common_code_str).unwrap();
     } catch (...) {
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/ffi/metadata.cc b/src/klotski_core/ffi/metadata.cc
index eb03e74..da54a87 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/ffi/metadata.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/ffi/metadata.cc
@@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
 #include "klotski.h"
 #include "metadata.h"
 
-uint32_t get_version_major() {
+uint32_t get_version_major() noexcept {
     return VERSION_MAJOR;
 }
 
-uint32_t get_version_minor() {
+uint32_t get_version_minor() noexcept {
     return VERSION_MINOR;
 }
 
-uint32_t get_version_patch() {
+uint32_t get_version_patch() noexcept {
     return VERSION_PATCH;
 }
 
-const char* get_author() {
+const char* get_author() noexcept {
     return AUTHOR;
 }
 
-const char* get_git_tag() {
+const char* get_git_tag() noexcept {
     return GIT_TAG_ID;
 }
 
-const char* get_version() {
+const char* get_version() noexcept {
     return VERSION_STR;
 }
 
-const char* get_commit_id() {
+const char* get_commit_id() noexcept {
     return GIT_COMMIT_ID;
 }
 
-const char* get_build_time() {
+const char* get_build_time() noexcept {
     return BUILD_TIME;
 }
 
-const char* get_git_branch() {
+const char* get_git_branch() noexcept {
     return GIT_BRANCH;
 }
 
-const char* get_project_url() {
+const char* get_project_url() noexcept {
     return GIT_PROJECT;
 }
 
-const char* get_system_info() {
+const char* get_system_info() noexcept {
     return SYSTEM;
 }
 
-const char* get_compiler_info() {
+const char* get_compiler_info() noexcept {
     return COMPILER;
 }
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/klotski.h b/src/klotski_core/klotski.h
index a43a1b8..f99a99b 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/klotski.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/klotski.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 #include <cstdint>
+#define NOEXCEPT noexcept
 #else
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
     // TODO: remove after test
-    extern void tmain();
+    EXTERN_FUNC void tmain();
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -24,20 +25,19 @@ extern "C" {
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
-    // version -> major.minor.patch
-    extern uint32_t get_version_major();
-    extern uint32_t get_version_minor();
-    extern uint32_t get_version_patch();
-
-    extern const char* get_author();
-    extern const char* get_git_tag();
-    extern const char* get_version();
-    extern const char* get_commit_id();
-    extern const char* get_build_time();
-    extern const char* get_git_branch();
-    extern const char* get_project_url();
-    extern const char* get_system_info();
-    extern const char* get_compiler_info();
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t get_version_major() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t get_version_minor() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t get_version_patch() NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_author() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_git_tag() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_version() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_commit_id() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_build_time() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_git_branch() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_project_url() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_system_info() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC const char* get_compiler_info() NOEXCEPT;
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ extern "C" {
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
-    extern void all_cases_build();
-    extern void basic_ranges_build();
-    extern bool is_all_cases_available();
-    extern bool is_basic_ranges_available();
+    EXTERN_FUNC void all_cases_build() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC void basic_ranges_build() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_all_cases_available() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_basic_ranges_available() NOEXCEPT;
 
     extern const uint32_t ALL_CASES_SIZE;
-    extern void export_all_cases(uint64_t *buffer);
+    EXTERN_FUNC void export_all_cases(uint64_t *buffer) NOEXCEPT;
 
     extern const uint32_t BASIC_RANGES_SIZE;
-    extern void export_basic_ranges(uint32_t *buffer);
+    EXTERN_FUNC void export_basic_ranges(uint32_t *buffer) NOEXCEPT;
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -66,47 +66,47 @@ extern "C" {
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
-    EXTERN_FUNC void short_code_enable();
-    EXTERN_FUNC void short_code_enable_fast();
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_short_code_available();
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_short_code_available_fast();
-
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_check(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_check(uint32_t short_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_check(uint64_t common_code);
-
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_to_short_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint32_t *short_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_raw_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_to_common_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *common_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_raw_code(uint64_t common_code, uint64_t *raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_common_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *common_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_short_code(uint64_t common_code, uint32_t *short_code);
-
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t raw_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t short_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t raw_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t common_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t short_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t common_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code);
-
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool to_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool to_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result);
-
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t to_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
-    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t to_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code);
+    EXTERN_FUNC void short_code_enable() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC void short_code_enable_fast() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_short_code_available() NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_short_code_available_fast() NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_check(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_check(uint32_t short_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_check(uint64_t common_code) NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_to_short_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint32_t *short_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_raw_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool raw_code_to_common_code(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *common_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_raw_code(uint64_t common_code, uint64_t *raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_common_code(uint32_t short_code, uint64_t *common_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_short_code(uint64_t common_code, uint32_t *short_code) NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t raw_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t short_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t raw_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t common_code_to_raw_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t short_code_to_common_code_unsafe(uint32_t short_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint32_t common_code_to_short_code_unsafe(uint64_t common_code) NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, bool *result) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool to_vertical_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool to_horizontal_mirror(uint64_t raw_code, uint64_t *result) NOEXCEPT;
+
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool is_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t to_vertical_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC uint64_t to_horizontal_mirror_unsafe(uint64_t raw_code) NOEXCEPT;
 
     extern const uint32_t SHORT_CODE_STR_SIZE;
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_string(uint32_t short_code, char short_code_str[]);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_from_string(const char short_code_str[], uint32_t *short_code);
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_to_string(uint32_t short_code, char short_code_str[]) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool short_code_from_string(const char short_code_str[], uint32_t *short_code) NOEXCEPT;
 
     extern const uint32_t COMMON_CODE_STR_SIZE;
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_string(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_string_shorten(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]);
-    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_from_string(const char common_code_str[], uint64_t *common_code);
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_string(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_to_string_shorten(uint64_t common_code, char common_code_str[]) NOEXCEPT;
+    EXTERN_FUNC bool common_code_from_string(const char common_code_str[], uint64_t *common_code) NOEXCEPT;
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/short_code/convert.cc b/src/klotski_core/short_code/convert.cc
index 95cba77..0a32602 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/short_code/convert.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/short_code/convert.cc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ using klotski::CommonCode;
 
 /// ------------------------- ShortCode to CommonCode -------------------------
 
-CommonCode ShortCode::to_common_code() const {
+CommonCode ShortCode::to_common_code() const noexcept {
     if (ShortCode::mode() == ShortCode::NORMAL) {
         return CommonCode::unsafe_create(tiny_decode(code)); // normal mode
     }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ CommonCode ShortCode::to_common_code() const {
 
 /// ------------------------- ShortCode to CommonCode -------------------------
 
-ShortCode::ShortCode(CommonCode &&common_code) {
+ShortCode::ShortCode(CommonCode &&common_code) noexcept {
     if (ShortCode::mode() == ShortCode::NORMAL) {
         code = tiny_encode(common_code.unwrap()); // normal mode
     } else {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ ShortCode::ShortCode(CommonCode &&common_code) {
     }
 }
 
-ShortCode::ShortCode(const CommonCode &common_code) {
+ShortCode::ShortCode(const CommonCode &common_code) noexcept {
     if (ShortCode::mode() == ShortCode::NORMAL) {
         code = tiny_encode(common_code.unwrap()); // normal mode
     } else {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(uint64_t common_code) {
     return ShortCode(CommonCode(common_code));
 }
 
-ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(CommonCode &&common_code) {
+ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(CommonCode &&common_code) noexcept {
     return ShortCode(std::forward<CommonCode>(common_code));
 }
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(std::string &&common_code) {
     ));
 }
 
-ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(const CommonCode &common_code) {
+ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(const CommonCode &common_code) noexcept {
     return ShortCode(common_code);
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ ShortCode ShortCode::from_common_code(const std::string &common_code) {
 /// ----------------------------- Basic Functions -----------------------------
 
 /// NOTE: ensure that input common code is valid!
-uint32_t ShortCode::fast_encode(uint64_t common_code) { // common code --> short code
+uint32_t ShortCode::fast_encode(uint64_t common_code) noexcept { // common code --> short code
     auto head = common_code >> 32; // head index
     const auto &ranges = AllCases::fetch()[head]; // available ranges
     auto offset = std::lower_bound(ranges.begin(), ranges.end(), (uint32_t)common_code) - ranges.begin();
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ uint32_t ShortCode::fast_encode(uint64_t common_code) { // common code --> short
 }
 
 /// NOTE: ensure that input short code is valid!
-uint64_t ShortCode::fast_decode(uint32_t short_code) { // short code --> common code
+uint64_t ShortCode::fast_decode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept { // short code --> common code
     auto offset = std::upper_bound( // using binary search
             ALL_CASES_OFFSET, ALL_CASES_OFFSET + 16, short_code
     ) - 1;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ uint64_t ShortCode::fast_decode(uint32_t short_code) { // short code --> common
 }
 
 /// NOTE: ensure that input common code is valid!
-uint32_t ShortCode::tiny_encode(uint64_t common_code) { // common code --> short code
+uint32_t ShortCode::tiny_encode(uint64_t common_code) noexcept { // common code --> short code
     /// load head index and range prefix
     uint32_t head = common_code >> 32;
     uint32_t prefix = (common_code >> 20) & 0xFFF;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ uint32_t ShortCode::tiny_encode(uint64_t common_code) { // common code --> short
 }
 
 /// NOTE: ensure that input short code is valid!
-uint64_t ShortCode::tiny_decode(uint32_t short_code) { // short code --> common code
+uint64_t ShortCode::tiny_decode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept { // short code --> common code
     /// match head index
     auto offset = std::upper_bound( // binary search
         ALL_CASES_OFFSET, ALL_CASES_OFFSET + 16, short_code
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/short_code/serialize.cc b/src/klotski_core/short_code/serialize.cc
index 132d937..07f977e 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/short_code/serialize.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/short_code/serialize.cc
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ using klotski::ShortCodeException;
 
 /// --------------------------- ShortCode to String ---------------------------
 
-std::string ShortCode::to_string() const { // encode as 5-bits string
+std::string ShortCode::to_string() const noexcept { // encode as 5-bits string
     return string_encode(code);
 }
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ShortCode ShortCode::from_string(const std::string &short_code) {
 
 /// ----------------------------- Basic Functions -----------------------------
 
-std::string klotski::ShortCode::string_encode(uint32_t short_code) { // encode as 5-bits string
+std::string ShortCode::string_encode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept { // encode as 5-bits string
     char result[6]; // short code length 5
     result[5] = '\0'; // string ending flag
     for (int n = 0; n < 5; ++n) {
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.cc b/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.cc
index cde2eb1..c93d85c 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.cc
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ namespace std {
 }
 
 namespace klotski {
-    bool ShortCode::operator==(const ShortCode &short_code) const {
+    bool ShortCode::operator==(const ShortCode &short_code) const noexcept {
         return this->code == short_code.code;
     }
 
-    bool ShortCode::operator!=(const ShortCode &short_code) const {
+    bool ShortCode::operator!=(const ShortCode &short_code) const noexcept {
         return this->code != short_code.code;
     }
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace klotski {
 }
 
 namespace klotski {
-    bool ShortCode::valid() const {
+    bool ShortCode::valid() const noexcept {
         return ShortCode::check(code);
     }
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace klotski {
         return ShortCode(short_code);
     }
 
-    ShortCode ShortCode::unsafe_create(uint32_t short_code) { // create without check
+    ShortCode ShortCode::unsafe_create(uint32_t short_code) noexcept { // create without check
         auto tmp = ShortCode(); // init directly
         tmp.code = short_code;
         return tmp;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace klotski {
     }
 }
 
-bool ShortCode::check(uint32_t short_code) {
+bool ShortCode::check(uint32_t short_code) noexcept {
     return short_code < klotski::SHORT_CODE_LIMIT; // 0 ~ (SHORT_CODE_LIMIT - 1)
 }
 
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.h b/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.h
index 28f0dc9..72c2eae 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/short_code/short_code.h
@@ -80,56 +80,56 @@ namespace klotski {
         static bool fast_mode_available;
         static bool normal_mode_available;
 
-        static inline uint64_t fast_decode(uint32_t short_code); // short code -> common code
-        static inline uint32_t fast_encode(uint64_t common_code); // common code -> short code
-        static inline uint64_t tiny_decode(uint32_t short_code); // short code -> common code
-        static inline uint32_t tiny_encode(uint64_t common_code); // common code -> short code
+        static inline uint64_t fast_decode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept; // short code -> common code
+        static inline uint32_t fast_encode(uint64_t common_code) noexcept; // common code -> short code
+        static inline uint64_t tiny_decode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept; // short code -> common code
+        static inline uint32_t tiny_encode(uint64_t common_code) noexcept; // common code -> short code
 
-        static inline std::string string_encode(uint32_t short_code); // short code -> string
+        static inline std::string string_encode(uint32_t short_code) noexcept; // short code -> string
         static inline uint32_t string_decode(const std::string &short_code); // string -> short code
 
     public:
         /// ShortCode validity check
-        bool valid() const;
-        static bool check(uint32_t short_code);
+        bool valid() const noexcept;
+        static bool check(uint32_t short_code) noexcept;
 
         /// ShortCode convert mode
         static void speed_up(Mode mode);
 
         /// Operators of ShortCode
-        bool operator==(const ShortCode &short_code) const;
-        bool operator!=(const ShortCode &short_code) const;
-        constexpr explicit operator uint32_t() const { return code; }
+        bool operator==(const ShortCode &short_code) const noexcept;
+        bool operator!=(const ShortCode &short_code) const noexcept;
+        constexpr explicit operator uint32_t() const noexcept { return code; }
         friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const ShortCode &self);
 
         /// Export functions
-        std::string to_string() const;
-        CommonCode to_common_code() const;
-        constexpr uint32_t unwrap() const { return code; }
+        std::string to_string() const noexcept;
+        CommonCode to_common_code() const noexcept;
+        constexpr uint32_t unwrap() const noexcept { return code; }
 
         /// ShortCode constructors
         explicit ShortCode(uint32_t short_code);
         explicit ShortCode(std::string &&short_code);
-        explicit ShortCode(CommonCode &&common_code);
+        explicit ShortCode(CommonCode &&common_code) noexcept;
         explicit ShortCode(const std::string &short_code);
-        explicit ShortCode(const CommonCode &common_code);
+        explicit ShortCode(const CommonCode &common_code) noexcept;
 
         /// Static initialization
         static ShortCode create(uint32_t short_code);
-        static ShortCode unsafe_create(uint32_t short_code);
+        static ShortCode unsafe_create(uint32_t short_code) noexcept;
 
         static ShortCode from_string(std::string &&short_code);
         static ShortCode from_string(const std::string &short_code);
 
         static ShortCode from_common_code(uint64_t common_code);
-        static ShortCode from_common_code(CommonCode &&common_code);
+        static ShortCode from_common_code(CommonCode &&common_code) noexcept;
         static ShortCode from_common_code(std::string &&common_code);
-        static ShortCode from_common_code(const CommonCode &common_code);
+        static ShortCode from_common_code(const CommonCode &common_code) noexcept;
         static ShortCode from_common_code(const std::string &common_code);
     };
 
-    inline bool operator==(uint32_t s1, const ShortCode &s2) { return s1 == s2.unwrap(); }
-    inline bool operator!=(uint32_t s1, const ShortCode &s2) { return s1 != s2.unwrap(); }
-    inline bool operator==(const ShortCode &s1, uint32_t s2) { return s1.unwrap() == s2; }
-    inline bool operator!=(const ShortCode &s1, uint32_t s2) { return s1.unwrap() != s2; }
+    inline bool operator==(uint32_t s1, const ShortCode &s2) noexcept { return s1 == s2.unwrap(); }
+    inline bool operator!=(uint32_t s1, const ShortCode &s2) noexcept { return s1 != s2.unwrap(); }
+    inline bool operator==(const ShortCode &s1, uint32_t s2) noexcept { return s1.unwrap() == s2; }
+    inline bool operator!=(const ShortCode &s1, uint32_t s2) noexcept { return s1.unwrap() != s2; }
 }
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/utils/common.cc b/src/klotski_core/utils/common.cc
index 9d218c1..cf10995 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/utils/common.cc
+++ b/src/klotski_core/utils/common.cc
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 using klotski::Common;
 
-uint32_t Common::range_reverse(uint32_t bin) { // reverse binary every 2-bits
+uint32_t Common::range_reverse(uint32_t bin) noexcept { // reverse binary every 2-bits
     bin = ((bin << 16) & 0xFFFF0000) | ((bin >> 16) & 0x0000FFFF);
     bin = ((bin << 8) & 0xFF00FF00) | ((bin >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF);
     bin = ((bin << 4) & 0xF0F0F0F0) | ((bin >> 4) & 0x0F0F0F0F);
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ uint32_t Common::range_reverse(uint32_t bin) { // reverse binary every 2-bits
 }
 
 /// WARN: don't check unknown data -> may cause infinite loop
-uint8_t Common::check_range(uint32_t head, uint32_t range) { // check generated range
+uint8_t Common::check_range(uint32_t head, uint32_t range) noexcept { // check generated range
     ///   M_1x1     M_1x2     M_2x1     M_2x2
     ///  1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0   1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0
     ///  0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0   1 0 0 0   1 1 0 0
diff --git a/src/klotski_core/utils/common.h b/src/klotski_core/utils/common.h
index fb4ae39..35ade8d 100644
--- a/src/klotski_core/utils/common.h
+++ b/src/klotski_core/utils/common.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 namespace klotski {
     class Common {
     public:
-        static uint32_t range_reverse(uint32_t bin);
-        static uint8_t check_range(uint32_t head, uint32_t range);
+        static uint32_t range_reverse(uint32_t bin) noexcept;
+        static uint8_t check_range(uint32_t head, uint32_t range) noexcept;
     };
 }